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<h2>Toll-Like Receptor(TLR) : Unique Antibody from Imgenex</h2>by Stephen Jones 
 
Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is a phylogenetically conserved mediator of 
innate immunity that is essential for microbial recognition. TLRs are 
evolutionarily conserved and their congeners have been found in 
insects, plants, and mammals. Drosophila Toll (dToll) was the 
first member of the TLR family to be identified, and was initially 
characterized as a developmental protein governing the formation of 
the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila. Mammalian TLRs represent a growing family of transmembrane proteins 
characterized by multiple copies of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in 
the extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R (TIR) motif 
and therefore, TLRs are thought to belong to the IL-1R superfamily. 
Recently, TLRs were observed to influence the development of adaptive immune 
responses, presumably by activating antigen-presenting cells. To sense innumerable and various pathogenic 
threats, TLRs have evolved to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns 
(PAMPs), which represent molecular features on the surface of pathogens. Each 
TLR binds to a variety of PAMPs that work as molecular markers of potential 
pathogens that the host shall be defended against. So far, 11 members of 
the TLR family (TLR1-TLR11) have been identified in mammals. TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, TLR4, and TLR5 are located on 
the plasma membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 are not located on the cell 
surface. TLR2 is involved in the responses to a variety of bacterial 
components that include peptidoglycan, lipoproteins/ lipopeptides, 
glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchors from Trypanosoma cruzi, and 
zymosan. Flagellin, a potent pro-inflammatory inducer, is recognized by TLR5. 
TLR3 recognizes dsRNA, a viral product, whereas TLR9 recognizes unmethylated 
CpG motifs frequently found in the genome of bacteria and viruses, but not 
vertebrates. TLR7 recognizes the pharmaceutical compounds imiquimod (also known 
as Aldara, R-837 or S-26308) and resiquimod (also known as R-848 or S-28463). 
It has recently been shown that TLR11, which is abundant in the kidney and 
bladder, senses uropathogenic bacteria. They are usually classified into three subgroups.. Members of subgroup 1 
bind interleukins that are produced by macrophages, monocytes and dendritic 
cells and all have Immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Members of subgroup 2 bind 
directly pathogen-associated molecules (LPS, peptidoglycan etc.). A third 
subgroup consists of adaptor proteins that are exclusively cytosolic. The 
toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is the front-line subsystem against 
invasive microorganisms for both innate and adaptive immunity and has been 
evolutionarily well conserved in both invertebrates and vertebrates.<o:p /> 
 
<h1><o:p> </o:p></h1> 
 
Reference: <o:p /> 
 
<ol type="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1"><li class="MsoNormal">A comprehensive map of the toll-like 
 receptor signaling network. Molecular Systems Biology 
 Article number: 2006.0015  . Kanae Oda 
 & Hiroaki Kitano<o:p /></li><li class="MsoNormal">Toll-like receptor downstream signaling 
 Taro Kawai and Shizuo Akira Arthritis Res Ther. 2005; 7(1): 12�19.<o:p /></li></ol> 
 
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA Nature 408, 740-745 
(7 December 2000) Hiroaki Hemmi, Osamu Takeuchi, Taro Kawai, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, 
Shintaro Sato, Hideki Sanjo, Makoto Matsumoto, Katsuaki Hoshino, Hermann 
Wagner, Kiyoshi Takeda and Shizuo Akira. 
<h3>About the Author</h3>

IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd. the only
biotech company in Orissa and one of its kinds in <st1:place w:st="on">Eastern
 India</st1:place>. IMGENEX India started in Oct as an outsourcing branch of <a href="http://www.imgenex.com">IMGENEX Corporation</a> ,
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">San Diego</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.  Find out more information about  <a href="http://www.imgenex.com/Toll-likeReceptors.php">Toll-like
Receptor</a> .<o:p />

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